Screenshot of the issue:
During the first installation, I did not select the default drive letter for “Install to” but chose the D drive instead, which caused this problem right from the start. Later, even after completely removing it via the 360 Software Manager, cleaning the registry, and deleting all files and folders containing the word “mysql”, it still did not work. Eventually, after restarting the computer, I managed to install it successfully by mostly sticking to the default settings. Therefore, I recommend using the default settings when installing MySQL, especially for the installation drive path!